Over the course of 15 weeks I will be teaching "Writing The Feature Script" at USC's School of Cinematic Arts. Week by week I will be writing blog articles about each topic that we discuss in class. My hope is that beginning screenwriters, working screenwriters in writing groups, and screenwriting professors might benefit from "auditing" my class online.
This is a synopsis of Week Two. You can read about our previous class here: Writing The Feature Script: Week One - OVERVIEW
A Writing Group
If you are indeed following this course week by week on my blog, and you want to get the most out of it, you need to do two things: First you need to write a 1-2 page synopses of your story idea. Second, you need to show that idea to at least three trusted people and get feedback.
Ideally, you would join, or create, a writing group. Screenwriting isn't something learned by reading a book or a blog; it's a process of telling, retelling, and revising pages with continual feedback from one's peers. Involving yourself creatively in other writers' projects, giving notes and work-shopping stories besides your own is far more valuable than learning "writing theory." In class, my USC students get is an intense, impassioned, and supportive engagement with their work by nine other ambitious and talented students (as well as the TA and the instructor) every step of the way. You should seek that out as well.
Ultimately, all writers need a group of trusted collaborators, fellow writers, and filmmakers with whom they share feedback. Whether your aspire to be Ingmar Bergman or Brett Ratner, Kathryn Bigelow or Maya Deren, you need your inner circle.
The Story
Last week, students uploaded their synopses to a Dropbox file so that they all could read one another's work. Most of the ideas, at this point, were fragmentary. Students had imagined characters, conflicts, and worlds that deeply inspired them, but now they needed to take a first shot at putting these ideas in the form of a STORY.
So, we discussed and evaluated each idea in terms of the simplest definition of a story that I have encountered:
A story is about someone who wants something very badly and is having trouble getting it.
More precisely, we discussed each story in terms of each piece of this definition. "A story is..."
"About someone..." Whose story is it? Through whose eyes, and more importantly through whose emotions do we experience the story? Who takes the actions that drive the story forward? This is the first big choice the storyteller must make, and there is always more than one answer.
"...who wants something..." What does this protagonist want? What primary desire is forcing him/her/them to take action? Whether or not they get it is the DRAMATIC QUESTION that the story tracks and ultimately answers.
"...very badly..." Why does s/he want it so much? What's going to happen if he/she DOESN'T get it? This defines the STAKES of your story.
"...but is having trouble getting it." What are the obstacles? Who is the antagonist, or what are the antagonistic forces that is keeping the protagonist from getting what s/he/they want?
Telling the Story
Once, these basic (but difficult!) questions are answered, we can take a shot at telling the story. Brian McDonald, in both his blog and book Invisible Ink, claims that all effective stories have the basic structure of a fairy tale:
Once upon a time_____________
And every day________________
Until one day_________________
And because of this___________
And because of this___________
And because of this___________
Until finally__________________
And ever since that day_______
1. Once upon a time there was a Godfather who ran a family business.
2. And every day the Godfather did favors and got favors in return.
3. Until one day, the Godfather did not grant a favor, and the snubbed rival tried to kill him.
4. And because of this the Godfather's sons took over the family business: Sonny started a war and Michael killed the rival.
5. And because of this Michael was exiled and Sonny was murdered in the war.
6. And because of this The Godfather made peace.
7. And because of this Micheal returned to take his father’s place, but the family was weakened by the Godfather’s sickness and eventual death.
8. Until finally the rival family bosses turned against Michael, and so Michael killed each and every one.
9. And ever since that day Michael was the new Godfather.
What we want to avoid when getting a general idea of our story is a series of disconnected events. "And then this happens, and then this happens, and then this happens." Telling a story as fairy tale beats forces the writer to think of the narrative as a chain of cause-and-effect driven by the choices of the protagonist.
Take a shot at telling your story in this way.
The last thing that we talked about was the idea of TENSION, which we will come back to again and again throughout the semester. Good storytellers constantly engage the audience's emotions by orienting their attention to the future. In the beginning of the story they stoke the audience's CURIOSITY by showing them intriguing characters and situations that they want to learn more about. In the middle of the story, they lock the audience's attention by manipulating the audiences HOPE and FEAR: the audience HOPES that things will turn out well for the people they care about, and FEAR that things will turn out badly. Thus, the audience stays in their seats waiting to see how things turn out in the end.
With that in mind, even at this early stage of hashing out a story, writers should think about why the audience should have some EMPATHY for their protagonists. How does the story present problems, ordeals, and CHOICES to the protagonist so that the audience cares about what will happen later? How does the story make the audience imagine and dread bad outcomes, while hoping for good ones?
When I talk to script readers, producers, and judges in screenplay contests, they all say that most scripts fail because of two things. Either we don't care about the characters (EMPATHY,) or the story lacks TENSION, or both. It's a good idea to start thinking about these questions now.
In future classes, we will go over screenplay structure in a more detailed way. We will consider Frank Daniel's Sequence Approach, as well as other templates. However, at this point in the process, an over-emphasis on act breaks, reversals, culminations and climaxes can lead to weak plots and poor characterization... as well as a lot of anxiety. It's better, for now, to look at structure more loosely.
Ultimately structure is something that emerges from the process of telling, retelling and revising your story over and over and over again.
Think of it this way: all writing manuals and screenplay instructors can offer are maps, but the maps are not the territory. A screenplay is not something that you engineer according to rules or even principles. Your story is something that you discover, like an archaeologist searching for an ancient long-buried city. The maps give you some idea of where the ruins are buried, but you won't really know the structure until you start digging. As you dig, you may change your mind about what you find. What you thought was a central square could turn out to be an inner sanctum. What you thought was the city gates may turn out to be the entrance to a temple. Storytelling is not so much a process of creation as it is one of discovery.
Even The Hero's Journey or Monomyth, touted by screenplay guru's as the mystical template of all stories, will only give you a hazy abstract notion of the shape of your particular story. As I've argued in the past, Real Myths are Weird.
Students left this week's class class with a Glossary of Screenwriting Terms, a list of Recommended Books, Blogs, and Online Resources and a synopsis of Story Structure. (click on the links to check these out yourself.)
Each student is now writing a 1-2 page Character Monologue or an Exploration of World. Here are two examples of this exercise written by my students in the past. The first is a wonderfully detailed description of a Taiwanese Hospital: The World. The other is a vivid monologue of a potential protagonist: Monologue. Notice how Lulu tells her story and the writer explores the character's voice, relationships, conflicts, and attitude.
These exercises underscore two different ways of exploring your story: inside out and outside in. Actors who work "inside out" are generally start with emotions, senses and psychology- Method Acting - and work out. Actors who work "outside in" begin with the expressions of the body, external details of character, and script analysis - Classical Acting - and work in.
Screenwriters are similar in that some of them seem to start with CHARACTER - emotions, situations and conflicts- and work out, to discover plot and structure. While others start with the WORLD - the external circumstances and story structure - and then work in, to find the life of their characters. No one way is "better" than the other, and there is nothing wrong with doing both.
Click Here to go on to WEEK THREE:The Treatment.
I write this blog in order to connect with intelligent, ambitious, and creative people. If you leave a comment, you will inspire me to write more. If you liked the article, please share it.
Take a shot at telling your story in this way.
Telling the Story Well
The last thing that we talked about was the idea of TENSION, which we will come back to again and again throughout the semester. Good storytellers constantly engage the audience's emotions by orienting their attention to the future. In the beginning of the story they stoke the audience's CURIOSITY by showing them intriguing characters and situations that they want to learn more about. In the middle of the story, they lock the audience's attention by manipulating the audiences HOPE and FEAR: the audience HOPES that things will turn out well for the people they care about, and FEAR that things will turn out badly. Thus, the audience stays in their seats waiting to see how things turn out in the end.
With that in mind, even at this early stage of hashing out a story, writers should think about why the audience should have some EMPATHY for their protagonists. How does the story present problems, ordeals, and CHOICES to the protagonist so that the audience cares about what will happen later? How does the story make the audience imagine and dread bad outcomes, while hoping for good ones?
When I talk to script readers, producers, and judges in screenplay contests, they all say that most scripts fail because of two things. Either we don't care about the characters (EMPATHY,) or the story lacks TENSION, or both. It's a good idea to start thinking about these questions now.
Screenplay Structure
In future classes, we will go over screenplay structure in a more detailed way. We will consider Frank Daniel's Sequence Approach, as well as other templates. However, at this point in the process, an over-emphasis on act breaks, reversals, culminations and climaxes can lead to weak plots and poor characterization... as well as a lot of anxiety. It's better, for now, to look at structure more loosely.
Ultimately structure is something that emerges from the process of telling, retelling and revising your story over and over and over again.
Think of it this way: all writing manuals and screenplay instructors can offer are maps, but the maps are not the territory. A screenplay is not something that you engineer according to rules or even principles. Your story is something that you discover, like an archaeologist searching for an ancient long-buried city. The maps give you some idea of where the ruins are buried, but you won't really know the structure until you start digging. As you dig, you may change your mind about what you find. What you thought was a central square could turn out to be an inner sanctum. What you thought was the city gates may turn out to be the entrance to a temple. Storytelling is not so much a process of creation as it is one of discovery.
Even The Hero's Journey or Monomyth, touted by screenplay guru's as the mystical template of all stories, will only give you a hazy abstract notion of the shape of your particular story. As I've argued in the past, Real Myths are Weird.
Character and World
Students left this week's class class with a Glossary of Screenwriting Terms, a list of Recommended Books, Blogs, and Online Resources and a synopsis of Story Structure. (click on the links to check these out yourself.)
Each student is now writing a 1-2 page Character Monologue or an Exploration of World. Here are two examples of this exercise written by my students in the past. The first is a wonderfully detailed description of a Taiwanese Hospital: The World. The other is a vivid monologue of a potential protagonist: Monologue. Notice how Lulu tells her story and the writer explores the character's voice, relationships, conflicts, and attitude.
These exercises underscore two different ways of exploring your story: inside out and outside in. Actors who work "inside out" are generally start with emotions, senses and psychology- Method Acting - and work out. Actors who work "outside in" begin with the expressions of the body, external details of character, and script analysis - Classical Acting - and work in.
Screenwriters are similar in that some of them seem to start with CHARACTER - emotions, situations and conflicts- and work out, to discover plot and structure. While others start with the WORLD - the external circumstances and story structure - and then work in, to find the life of their characters. No one way is "better" than the other, and there is nothing wrong with doing both.
Class Teaching Assistant
Lastly, I'd like to introduce my talented teaching assistant, Levin Menekse, who is primarily responsible for writing the glossary definitions, and will be writing guest blogs throughout the semester. He hails from Turkey, reveres the writing of David Foster Wallace and the filmmaking of P.T. Anderson, and writes brilliant and mysterious screenplays. He was singled out as "most likely to be a screenwriting professor" among graduate students at USC.
Lastly, I'd like to introduce my talented teaching assistant, Levin Menekse, who is primarily responsible for writing the glossary definitions, and will be writing guest blogs throughout the semester. He hails from Turkey, reveres the writing of David Foster Wallace and the filmmaking of P.T. Anderson, and writes brilliant and mysterious screenplays. He was singled out as "most likely to be a screenwriting professor" among graduate students at USC.Click Here to go on to WEEK THREE:The Treatment.
I write this blog in order to connect with intelligent, ambitious, and creative people. If you leave a comment, you will inspire me to write more. If you liked the article, please share it.
